Chesterfield County is in the northeast section of South Carolina's Pee Dee region. The town of Chesterfield is the county seat, with the towns of Cheraw, Pageland and McBee anchoring the county to the east, west and south, respectively. The towns of Jefferson, Mt. Croghan, Patrick and Ruby also are within the county's boundaries.

Chesterfield County has a strong and diversified industrial base. Produced in the county are steel wire, bearings, air bags, water pumps, lumber and tools, which complement the textile industry that has served the community for so long. Agriculture is still an important part of the county, as McBee is known as one of the largest peach producing areas in South Carolina. A large state forest and national forest dominate the south-central areas of the county.

A community with deep roots in history, evidence of the Civil War and the American Revolution can be experienced in Chesterfield County. Cheraw is the home of the famous jazz musician Dizzy Gillispie.

Festivals in Chesterfield County include Cheraw's Spring Festival, in the fall Chesterfield's Olde Towne Festival and the Ruby Jubilee, and in the summer Patrick's Pine Straw Festival and Pageland's Watermelon Festival.